Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical integrity. Accurately locating these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, o
Cavity characterization plays a significant role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and properties is essential for accurately assessing the potential impact on structures . Geotechnical engineers utilize diverse techniques to characterize cavities, including geophysical surveys . These methods provide
Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement of